***************
Appendices
***************

###################
Supplementary data
###################

Technological parameter assumptions
=========================================

Energy supply technologies
---------------------------

.. _table_cost_ele:
.. csv-table:: Parameter assumptions on power generation technologies (US$ kW\ :sup:`-1`\). Ranges represent the differences among the regions, which are derived from IEA estimates.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,,O&M cost,,,
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_ele.csv
    :header-rows: 1

.. _table_cost_hyd:
.. list-table:: Parameter assumption on production of hydrogen energy carriers
    :header-rows: 1
    
    * - 
      - 
      - Initial cost (US$ kW\ :sup:`-1`\)
      - O&M costs (US$ kW\ :sup:`-1`\)
      - Conversion efficiency (–)
    * - Hydrogen
      - Electrolysis
      - 1014
      - 15
      - 69%
    * - 
      - Coal
      - 2670
      - 134
      - 60%
    * - 
      - Coal with CCS
      - 2780
      - 139
      - 58%
    * - 
      - Gas
      - 910
      - 33
      - 76%
    * - 
      - Gas with CCS
      - 1360
      - 41
      - 69%
    * - 
      - Biomass
      - 2333
      - 222
      - 60%
    * - 
      - Biomass with CCS
      - 3091
      - 290
      - 55%
    * - 
      - Imported synthetic methane 
      - 910
      - 33
      - 76%
    * - 
      - Imported ammonia \ :sup:`1`\
      - 306
      - 12
      - 84%
    * - Ammonia \ :sup:`1`\
      - Electrolysis
      - 855
      - 13
      - 53%
    * - 
      - Coal
      - 2175
      - 109
      - 48%
    * - 
      - Coal with CCS
      - 2810
      - 141
      - 48%
    * - 
      - Gas
      - 905
      - 23
      - 49%
    * - 
      - Gas with CCS
      - 1260
      - 32
      - 49%
    * - 
      - Biomass
      - 6320
      - 316
      - 41%
    * - 
      - Biomass with CCS
      - 8165
      - 408
      - 41%
    * - Synthetic hydrocarbons
      - Synthetic fuel
      - 760
      - 30
      - 73%
    * - 
      - Synthetic methane
      - 735
      - 30
      - 77%

\ :sup:`1`\  Cost unit is presented in US$/t-NH\ :sub:`3`\ .

Solar and wind power potential
-------------------------------

.. _table_winsolpot_global:
.. csv-table:: Potential for solar and wind power in 2050 (EJ yr\ :sup:`-1`\)
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/winsolpot_global.csv
    :header-rows: 1

.. _table_winsolsf_global:
.. list-table:: Land suitability factor on centralized solar PV and onshore wind
    :header-rows: 1
    
    * - Land category
      - Solar PV
      - Wind
    * - Water bodies
      - 0
      - 0
    * - Evergreen Needleleaf Forests
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Evergreen Broadleaf Forests
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Deciduous Needleleaf Forests
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Deciduous Broadleaf Forests
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Mixed Forests
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Closed Shrublands
      - 0
      - 0.02
    * - Open Shrublands
      - 0.02
      - 0.2
    * - Woody Savannas
      - 0.02
      - 0.2
    * - Savannas
      - 0.02
      - 0.2
    * - Grasslands
      - 0.03
      - 0.2
    * - Permanent Wetlands
      - 0
      - 0
    * - Croplands
      - 0.01
      - 0.3
    * - Urban and Built-up Lands
      - 0
      - 0
    * - Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mo-saics
      - 0
      - 0.2
    * - Permanent Snow and Ice
      - 0
      - 0
    * - Barren
      - 0.01
      - 0.05

Traditional biomass share
--------------------------

.. _table_tradbio:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for traditional biomass share. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Region codes denote the dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_tradbio.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.977

Energy demand technologies
---------------------------

.. _table_tech_stl:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on steel sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Energy saving (MJ/`*`),Unit (`*`)
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_stl.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is US$ `*` \ :sup:`-1`\. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit.
Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding Hydrogen-DRI.
For Hydrogen-DRI, energy consumption is shown at the energy saving column.
For blast furnace with CCS, energy saving is provided with negative number, as it consumes additional energy for CO\ :sub:`2`\  capture.

.. _table_tech_cem:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on cement sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Energy saving (MJ/`*`),Unit (`*`)
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_cem.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is US$ `*` \ :sup:`-1`\. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit.

.. _table_tech_oin:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on other industry sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Efficiency
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_oin.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ\ :sup:`-1`\, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.

.. _table_tech_pss:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on passenger transport sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Efficiency (MJ km\ :sup:`-1`\)
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_pss.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle\ :sup:`-1`\.
Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ pkm\ :sup:`-1`\.

.. _table_tech_frg:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on freight transport sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Efficiency (MJ km\ :sup:`-1`\)
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_frg.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle\ :sup:`-1`\  for road and rail, 1000 US$ GJ\ :sup:`-1`\  for ship, respectively.
Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ tkm\ :sup:`-1`\.

.. _table_tech_res:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on residential sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Efficiency
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_res.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ\ :sup:`-1`\, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.
Efficiency for thermal insulation measures relative efficiency improvement where insulation Lv5 equals 1.

.. _table_tech_com:
.. csv-table:: Technological parameter assumptions on commercial sector.
    :header: ,Initial cost,,,Lifetime (year),Efficiency
    :file: inc_file/tech_data/tech_com.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ\ :sup:`-1`\, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.
Efficiency for thermal insulation measures relative efficiency improvement where insulation Lv5 equals 1.

################################################
Supplementary data on energy service estimation
################################################

Industry
=========

.. _table_serv_est_cement:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for cement production. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Region codes denote the dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_cement.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.949

.. _table_serv_est_oin:
.. csv-table:: Regression results on other industry energy service demand. Region codes denote the dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_industry.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.954

Transport
==========

.. _table_serv_est_pss:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for total passenger transport demand. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_pss.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.976

.. _table_serv_est_shr_pc:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for the passenger transport modal share of private cars. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_shr_PC.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.953

.. _table_serv_est_shr_bs:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for the passenger transport modal share of buses. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_shr_BS.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.929

.. _table_serv_est_shr_ardm:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for the passenger transport modal share of domestic aviation. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_shr_ARDM.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.952

.. _table_serv_est_shr_arit:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for the passenger transport modal share of international aviation. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_shr_ARIT.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.947

.. _table_serv_est_frg:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for total freight transport demand for road and rail. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_frg.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.965

.. _table_serv_est_shr_tc:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for the freight transport modal share of road transport. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_shr_TC.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.979

.. _table_serv_est_nvd:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for freight domestic navigation transport demand. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_NVD.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.961

.. _table_serv_est_nvi:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for freight international navigation transport demand. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_NVI.csv
    :header-rows: 1

Adjusted :math:`R^2` = 0.955

Buildings
==========

.. _table_serv_est_res:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for residential energy service demand. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_RSD.csv
    :header-rows: 1

.. _table_serv_est_ser:
.. csv-table:: Regression results for commercial energy service demand. Region codes are dummy variables for each region. Numbers in parenthesis indicates t-value. Asterisks indicate p-value ranges at :math:`p \le 0.001 (***)`, :math:`p \le 0.01 (**)`, :math:`p \le 0.05 (*)`, :math:`p \le 0.1 ( )`.
    :file: inc_file/energyservice/coef_table_SER.csv
    :header-rows: 1