Table 3: Technological parameter assumptions on steel sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Energy saving (MJ/*)
Unit (*)
2010
2030
2050
Sintering furnace cooler heat recovery
59
59
59
25
0.25
t-steel
Sintering furnace heat recovery
6
6
6
25
0.18
t-steel
Waste heat recuperator on hot blast stove
3
3
3
25
0.12
t-steel
Ferro coke
103
103
103
25
0.58
t-steel
Blast furnace w/ CCS
197
197
197
25
-0.99
t-steel
Top-pressure recovery turbine
30
30
30
25
0.14
t-steel
BOG heat recovery
50
50
50
25
0.12
t-steel
Hydrogen DRI-EAF
215
215
215
25
12.23
t-steel
Scrap preheating
59
59
59
25
0.11
t-steel
DC electric furnace
201
201
201
25
0.10
t-steel
Electrification in other processes
0
0
0
1
-0.09
t-steel
Natural gas in other processes
0
0
0
1
-0.09
t-steel
Continuous caster
3
3
3
25
0.08
t-steel
Regenerative burner
1
1
1
25
0.10
t-steel
High efficiency continuous annealing lines
1342
1342
1342
25
0.40
t-steel
Energy efficiency improvement in electricity use
41
41
41
25
0.06
t-steel
Heat generation, coal
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, oil
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, gas
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, biomass
42
42
42
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, electricity
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, hydrogen
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, ammonia
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Note: Cost unit is US$ *-1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit. Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding heat generation. For Hydrogen-DRI, energy consumption is shown at the energy saving column. For CCS technologies, energy saving is provided with negative number, as it consumes additional energy for CO2 capture. For heat generation, conversion efficiency is presented at the energy saving column.
Table 4: Technological parameter assumptions on cement and non-metallic minerals sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Energy saving (MJ/*)
Unit (*)
2010
2030
2050
Cement kiln w/ CCS
107
107
107
25
-0.72
t-cement
Vertical roller coal mill
8
8
8
25
0.05
t-cement
High efficiency clinker cooler
5
5
5
25
0.07
t-cement
Innovative cement manufacturing process
119
119
119
25
0.95
t-cement
Vertical roller raw mill
9
9
9
25
0.03
t-cement
Pre-grinder
15
15
15
25
0.04
t-cement
High-efficiency separators
3
3
3
25
0.00
t-cement
Vertical roller grind mill
14
14
14
25
0.05
t-cement
Vertical roller slug mill
6
6
6
25
0.00
t-cement
High-efficiency industrial furnace
19
19
19
25
0.26
t-cement
Electric furnace
38
38
38
25
0.18
t-cement
Heat generation, coal
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, oil
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, gas
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, biomass
42
42
42
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, electricity
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, hydrogen
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, ammonia
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Note: Cost unit is US$ *-1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit. Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding heat generation. For CCS technologies, energy saving is provided with negative number, as it consumes additional energy for CO2 capture. For heat generation, conversion efficiency is presented at the energy saving column.
Table 5: Technological parameter assumptions on chemical sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Energy saving (MJ/*)
Unit (*)
2010
2030
2050
Steam turbine for ethylene plant
315
315
315
25
2.91
t-ethylene
Low-temperature heat recovery
104
104
104
25
0.88
t-ethylene
HIDiC
4363
4363
4363
25
33.76
t-ethylene
Membranes for distlling process
1991
1991
1991
25
19.94
t-ethylene
Naphtha attached cracking
2680
2680
2680
25
4.57
t-ethylene
High performance LDPE manufacturing devices
163
163
163
25
0.93
t-ethylene
High performance PP manufacturing devices
253
253
253
25
0.84
t-ethylene
Heat recovery from methane separation
8
8
8
25
0.15
t-ethylene
Pre-fractionation for demethanizer tower
18
18
18
25
1.31
t-ethylene
High-efficiency industrial furnace for chemical
27
27
27
25
0.23
t-ethylene
Electric furnace for chemical
53
53
53
25
0.25
t-ethylene
Heat generation, coal
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, oil
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, gas
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, biomass
42
42
42
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, electricity
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, hydrogen
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, ammonia
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Note: Cost unit is US$ *-1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit. Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding heat generation. For heat generation, conversion efficiency is presented at the energy saving column.
Table 6: Technological parameter assumptions on pulp and paper sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Energy saving (MJ/*)
Unit (*)
2010
2030
2050
Continuous digester
478
478
478
25
1.50
t-paper
High performance pulp washing device
41
41
41
25
0.15
t-paper
Plate evaporator
107
107
107
25
1.68
t-paper
Oxigen delignification device
92
92
92
25
0.36
t-paper
High-eff. recycled pulp manufacturing device
102
102
102
25
1.28
t-paper
Efficient shoe press
67
67
67
25
1.61
t-paper
High concentration size press
38
38
38
25
3.22
t-paper
High performance dryer hood device
6
6
6
25
0.22
t-paper
Heat generation, coal
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, oil
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, gas
17
17
17
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, biomass
42
42
42
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, electricity
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, hydrogen
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Heat generation, ammonia
21
21
21
15
0.90
GJ-heat
Note: Cost unit is US$ *-1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit. Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding heat generation. For heat generation, conversion efficiency is presented at the energy saving column.
Table 7: Technological parameter assumptions on other industry sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Efficiency (-)
2010
2030
2050
Furnace, coal, conventional
36
36
36
15
0.80
Furnace, oil, conventional
36
36
36
15
0.80
Furnace, gas, conventional
36
36
36
15
0.80
Furnace, coal, high efficiency
56
56
56
15
0.90
Furnace, oil, high efficiency
56
56
56
15
0.90
Furnace, gas, high efficiency
56
56
56
15
0.90
Electric furnace
85
85
85
15
0.90
Furnace, hydrogen
56
56
56
15
0.90
Furnace, ammonia
56
56
56
15
0.90
industrial motor
9
9
9
15
0.80
High-efficiency industrial motor
14
14
14
15
0.84
Industrial motor with inverter control
39
39
39
15
0.99
Heat generation, coal
17
17
17
15
0.90
Heat generation, oil
17
17
17
15
0.90
Heat generation, gas
17
17
17
15
0.90
Heat generation, biomass
42
42
42
15
0.90
Heat generation, electricity
21
21
21
15
0.90
Heat generation, heat-pump
51
51
51
15
3.00
Heat generation, hydrogen
21
21
21
15
0.90
Heat generation, ammonia
21
21
21
15
0.90
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.
Table 8: Technological parameter assumptions on passenger transport sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Efficiency (MJ/km)
2010
2030
2050
Passenger ICE, existing
20
20
20
10
3.00
Passenger ICE, Lv1
20
20
20
10
2.49
Passenger ICE, Lv2
22
22
22
10
2.31
Passenger ICE, Lv3
22
22
22
10
2.21
Passenger ICE, Lv4
22
22
22
10
2.14
Passenger ICE, Lv5
22
22
22
10
2.08
Passenger HEV, Lv1
24
23
23
10
1.47
Passenger HEV, Lv2
24
23
23
10
1.40
Passenger HEV, Lv3
24
23
23
10
1.36
Passenger HEV, Lv4
24
23
23
10
1.33
Passenger HEV, Lv5
24
23
23
10
1.33
Passenger PHEV, Lv1
28
24
24
10
3.07
Passenger PHEV, Lv2
28
24
24
10
2.93
Passenger PHEV, Lv3
28
24
24
10
2.89
Passenger PHEV, Lv4
28
24
24
10
2.79
Passenger PHEV, Lv5
28
24
24
10
2.79
Passenger BEV, Lv1
56
28
27
10
0.69
Passenger BEV, Lv2
56
28
27
10
0.66
Passenger BEV, Lv3
56
28
27
10
0.64
Passenger BEV, Lv4
56
28
27
10
0.63
Passenger BEV, Lv5
56
28
27
10
0.63
Passenger NGV
23
23
23
10
3.79
Passenger FCEV
44
28
26
10
1.17
Passenger light ICE, existing
14
14
14
10
2.23
Passenger light ICE, Lv1
14
14
14
10
1.98
Passenger light ICE, Lv2
16
16
16
10
1.88
Passenger light ICE, Lv3
16
16
16
10
1.80
Passenger light ICE, Lv4
16
16
16
10
1.74
Passenger light ICE, Lv5
16
16
16
10
1.69
Passenger light BEV, Lv1
41
19
19
10
0.55
Passenger light BEV, Lv2
41
19
19
10
0.52
Passenger light BEV, Lv3
41
19
19
10
0.51
Passenger light BEV, Lv4
41
19
19
10
0.50
Passenger light BEV, Lv5
41
19
19
10
0.50
Bus, ICE existing
251
251
251
12
10.35
Bus, ICE Lv1
251
251
251
12
9.99
Bus, ICE Lv2
289
289
289
12
9.58
Bus, ICE Lv3
289
289
289
12
9.16
Bus, ICE Lv4
289
289
289
12
9.16
Bus, ICE Lv5
289
289
289
12
9.16
Hybrid bus Lv1
298
281
280
12
7.87
Hybrid bus Lv2
298
281
280
12
7.49
Hybrid bus Lv3
298
281
280
12
7.32
Hybrid bus Lv4
298
281
280
12
7.15
Hybrid bus Lv5
298
281
280
12
7.15
NG bus
289
289
289
12
10.35
BEV bus, Lv1
632
348
340
12
7.12
BEV bus, Lv2
632
348
340
12
6.78
BEV bus, Lv3
632
348
340
12
6.63
BEV bus, Lv4
632
348
340
12
6.47
BEV bus, Lv5
632
348
340
12
6.47
Fuel cell bus
406
329
312
12
6.84
Passenger train, electricity, existing
0
0
0
20
0.17
Passenger train, electricity, advanced
17
17
17
20
0.13
Passenger train, diesel, existing
0
0
0
20
0.49
Passenger train, diesel, advanced
17
17
17
20
0.40
Passenger ship, existing
0
0
0
20
15.33
Passenger ship, advanced
37
37
37
20
12.26
Passenger air, existing
0
0
0
20
0.99
Passenger air, advanced
4
4
4
20
0.79
Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle-1 and US$ 1000pkm-1 for road and non-road transport, respectively. Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ pkm-1.
Table 9: Technological parameter assumptions on freight transport sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Efficiency (MJ/km)
2010
2030
2050
Large truck, ICE, existing
44
44
44
11
8.49
Large truck, ICE, Lv1
44
44
44
11
8.25
Large truck, ICE, Lv2
51
51
51
11
7.84
Large truck, ICE, Lv3
51
51
51
11
7.50
Large truck, ICE, Lv4
51
51
51
11
7.50
Large truck, ICE, Lv5
51
51
51
11
7.50
Large truck, HEV, Lv1
67
53
53
11
6.50
Large truck, HEV, Lv2
67
53
53
11
6.19
Large truck, HEV, Lv3
67
53
53
11
6.05
Large truck, HEV, Lv4
67
53
53
11
5.91
Large truck, HEV, Lv5
67
53
53
11
5.91
Large truck, NGV
51
51
51
11
12.08
Large truck, BEV, Lv1
494
139
129
11
6.03
Large truck, BEV, Lv2
494
139
129
11
5.74
Large truck, BEV, Lv3
494
139
129
11
5.61
Large truck, BEV, Lv4
494
139
129
11
5.48
Large truck, BEV, Lv5
494
139
129
11
5.48
Large truck, FCEV
183
95
78
11
5.64
Medium truck, ICE, existing
36
36
36
11
3.10
Medium truck, ICE, Lv1
36
36
36
11
3.01
Medium truck, ICE, Lv2
42
42
42
11
2.86
Medium truck, ICE, Lv3
42
42
42
11
2.74
Medium truck, ICE, Lv4
42
42
42
11
2.74
Medium truck, ICE, Lv5
42
42
42
11
2.74
Medium truck, HEV, Lv1
46
41
41
11
2.37
Medium truck, HEV, Lv2
46
41
41
11
2.26
Medium truck, HEV, Lv3
46
41
41
11
2.21
Medium truck, HEV, Lv4
46
41
41
11
2.16
Medium truck, HEV, Lv5
46
41
41
11
2.16
Medium truck, BEV, Lv1
93
50
49
11
1.19
Medium truck, BEV, Lv2
93
50
49
11
1.13
Medium truck, BEV, Lv3
93
50
49
11
1.11
Medium truck, BEV, Lv4
93
50
49
11
1.08
Medium truck, BEV, Lv5
93
50
49
11
1.08
Medium truck, FCEV
116
64
55
11
1.69
Small truck, ICE, existing
10
10
10
10
2.49
Small truck, ICE, Lv1
10
10
10
10
2.42
Small truck, ICE, Lv2
11
11
11
10
2.30
Small truck, ICE, Lv3
11
11
11
10
2.20
Small truck, ICE, Lv4
11
11
11
10
2.20
Small truck, ICE, Lv5
11
11
11
10
2.20
Small truck, HEV, Lv1
14
12
12
10
1.90
Small truck, HEV, Lv2
14
12
12
10
1.81
Small truck, HEV, Lv3
14
12
12
10
1.77
Small truck, HEV, Lv4
14
12
12
10
1.73
Small truck, HEV, Lv5
14
12
12
10
1.73
Small truck, BEV, Lv1
34
16
16
10
1.05
Small truck, BEV, Lv2
34
16
16
10
1.00
Small truck, BEV, Lv3
34
16
16
10
0.98
Small truck, BEV, Lv4
34
16
16
10
0.96
Small truck, BEV, Lv5
34
16
16
10
0.96
Freight train, electricity, existing
0
0
0
20
0.17
Freight train, electricity, advanced
22
22
22
20
0.14
Freight train, diesel, existing
0
0
0
20
0.52
Freight train, diesel, advanced
17
17
17
20
0.42
Freight ship, existing
0
0
0
20
0.54
Freight ship, advanced
1
1
1
20
0.44
Freight air, existing
0
0
0
20
19.81
Freight air, advanced
50
50
50
20
15.85
Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle-1 and US$ 1000tkm-1 for road and non-road transport, respectively. Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ tkm-1.
Table 10: Technological parameter assumptions on residential sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Efficiency (-)
2010
2030
2050
Air conditioner, existing
1735
1735
1735
10
3.74
Air conditioner, efficient
1896
1896
1896
10
4.83
Air conditioner, more efficient
1896
1896
1896
10
5.60
Space heating, electricity
348
348
348
10
1.00
Space heating, gas
620
620
620
10
0.92
Space heating, oil
662
662
662
10
0.87
Space heating, biomass
1446
1446
1446
10
0.83
Heat pump water heater
5315
4134
4134
10
3.10
Heat pump water heater, efficient
5315
4134
4134
10
4.40
Electric water heater
2890
2890
2890
10
0.90
Water heating, oil
2404
2404
2404
10
0.83
Water heating, gas
2764
2764
2764
10
1.00
Water heating, gas, efficient
2404
2404
2404
10
0.83
Water heater, solar
6450
6450
6450
10
1.00
Fuel cell
24144
7512
7512
10
0.58
Cooking, electricity
968
968
968
10
0.80
Cooking, gas
850
850
850
10
0.62
Incandescent lamp
9
9
9
1
3.89
CFL
74
74
74
5
17.61
Fluorescent lamp
74
74
74
10
23.53
LED
186
186
186
10
41.67
LED, efficient
372
372
372
10
55.56
Residential appliances, existing stock average
0
0
0
10
1.00
Residential appliances, flow
0
0
0
10
1.25
Residential appliances, advanced
719
719
719
10
1.43
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.
Table 11: Technological parameter assumptions on commercial sector.
Initial cost
Lifetime (year)
Efficiency (-)
2010
2030
2050
Air conditioner, Lv1
57
57
57
15
2.76
Air conditioner, Lv2
57
57
57
15
3.19
Air conditioner, Lv3
57
57
57
15
3.56
Air conditioner, Lv4
57
57
57
15
3.67
Air conditioner, Lv5
57
57
57
15
4.64
Gas heat pump
49
49
49
15
1.33
Absorption chiller
38
38
38
15
1.26
District heating
38
38
38
15
1.00
Coal boiler
38
38
38
15
0.90
Biomass boiler
49
49
49
15
0.90
Heat pump water heater
21
16
11
10
4.18
Heat pump water heater, efficient
21
16
11
10
6.00
Electric water heater
14
14
14
10
0.90
Water heating, gas
6
6
6
10
1.06
Water heating, gas, efficient
5
5
5
10
0.89
Water heating, oil
5
5
5
10
0.84
Water heating, coal
5
5
5
10
0.84
Water heating, heat
5
5
5
10
1.00
Water heating, solar
38
38
38
10
1.00
Water heating, biomass
14
14
14
10
1.00
Cooking, coal
10
10
10
10
0.60
Cooking, gas
10
10
10
10
0.60
Cooking, electricity
22
22
22
10
0.95
Incandescent lamp
0
0
0
2
3.89
Fluorescent lamp
3
3
3
5
25.56
LED, Lv1
9
9
9
10
25.56
LED, Lv2
9
9
9
10
41.67
LED Lv3
9
9
9
10
55.56
Commercial appliances, existing stock average
0
0
0
10
1.00
Commercial appliances, flow
0
0
0
10
1.25
Commercial appliances, advanced
25
25
25
10
1.43
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.