Appendices
Supplementary data
Technological parameter assumptions
Energy supply technologies
Initial cost | O&M cost | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | |
Coal-PC | 600-2100 | 600-2100 | 600-2100 | 600-2100 | 20-55 | 20-55 | 20-55 | 20-55 |
Coal-USC | 800-2600 | 800-2600 | 800-2600 | 800-2600 | 30-80 | 30-80 | 30-80 | 30-80 |
Coal-IGCC | 1100-2900 | 1000-2750 | 950-2725 | 900-2700 | 50-100 | 45-95 | 42-95 | 40-95 |
Coal-IGFC | 1216-3205 | 1105-3039 | 1050-3012 | 995-2984 | 56-111 | 50-106 | 47-106 | 45-106 |
Coal-IGCC CCS | 3650-6250 | 3300-5800 | 2975-5450 | 2650-5100 | 165-220 | 150-205 | 135-192 | 120-180 |
Coal-IGFC CCS | 4034-6908 | 3647-6411 | 3288-6024 | 2929-5637 | 184-245 | 167-228 | 150-214 | 134-200 |
Gas-GT | 504-990 | 504-990 | 504-990 | 504-990 | 18-27 | 18-27 | 18-27 | 18-27 |
Gas-CC | 560-1100 | 560-1100 | 560-1100 | 560-1100 | 20-30 | 20-30 | 20-30 | 20-30 |
Gas-ACC | 648-1272 | 648-1272 | 648-1272 | 648-1272 | 23-35 | 23-35 | 23-35 | 23-35 |
Gas-MACC | 788-1547 | 788-1547 | 788-1547 | 788-1547 | 30-45 | 30-45 | 30-45 | 30-45 |
Gas-GTFC | 910-1788 | 910-1788 | 910-1788 | 910-1788 | 35-52 | 35-52 | 35-52 | 35-52 |
Gas-CC CCS | 2200-3200 | 1850-2750 | 1675-2575 | 1500-2400 | 70-100 | 60-85 | 55-78 | 50-70 |
Gas-FC CCS | 2111-3070 | 1775-2639 | 1607-2471 | 1439-2303 | 81-116 | 70-99 | 64-90 | 58-81 |
Oil | 930-1826 | 930-1826 | 930-1826 | 930-1826 | 35-52 | 35-52 | 35-52 | 35-52 |
Nuclear | 2800-6600 | 2750-5100 | 2625-4800 | 2500-4500 | 120-225 | 120-225 | 120-225 | 120-225 |
Hydrogen | 1000-1000 | 1000-1000 | 1000-1000 | 1000-1000 | 25-25 | 25-25 | 25-25 | 25-25 |
Hydropower-Large | 1600-2700 | 1700-2700 | 1725-2700 | 1750-2700 | 40-65 | 40-65 | 40-65 | 40-65 |
Hydropower-Small | 2000-4050 | 2100-4050 | 2125-4050 | 2150-4050 | 40-80 | 40-80 | 42-80 | 45-80 |
Geothermal | 2150-3600 | 2100-3450 | 2025-3325 | 1950-3200 | 45-70 | 40-70 | 40-68 | 40-65 |
Biomass | 1600-2500 | 1550-2450 | 1325-2400 | 1100-2350 | 55-85 | 55-85 | 48-85 | 40-85 |
Biomass CCS | 4150-5850 | 3850-5450 | 3350-5025 | 2850-4650 | 145-200 | 135-190 | 118-175 | 100-165 |
Solar PV centralized | 600-1830 | 380-1250 | 325-1110 | 270-970 | 10-28 | 10-26 | 10-25 | 10-24 |
Solar PV decentralized | 650-3430 | 410-2220 | 350-1935 | 290-1650 | 10-52 | 10-46 | 10-45 | 10-44 |
CSP | 4900-6500 | 4200-5750 | 3725-5125 | 3250-4500 | 200-260 | 170-230 | 150-205 | 130-180 |
Wind-Onshore | 1040-3190 | 1020-2980 | 1010-2915 | 1000-2850 | 26-80 | 26-76 | 26-75 | 26-74 |
Wind-Offshore fixed | 2960-4960 | 1860-3080 | 1570-2670 | 1280-2260 | 65-130 | 50-95 | 45-82 | 40-70 |
Wind-Offshore floating | 4440-7440 | 2790-4620 | 2355-4005 | 1920-3390 | 98-195 | 75-142 | 68-124 | 60-105 |
Initial cost (US$ kW-1) | O&M costs (US$ kW-1) | Conversion efficiency (–) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen | Electrolysis | 1014 | 15 | 69% |
Coal | 2670 | 134 | 60% | |
Coal with CCS | 2780 | 139 | 58% | |
Gas | 910 | 33 | 76% | |
Gas with CCS | 1360 | 41 | 69% | |
Biomass | 2333 | 222 | 60% | |
Biomass with CCS | 3091 | 290 | 55% | |
Imported synthetic methane | 910 | 33 | 76% | |
Imported ammonia 1 | 306 | 12 | 84% | |
Ammonia 1 | Electrolysis | 855 | 13 | 53% |
Coal | 2175 | 109 | 48% | |
Coal with CCS | 2810 | 141 | 48% | |
Gas | 905 | 23 | 49% | |
Gas with CCS | 1260 | 32 | 49% | |
Biomass | 6320 | 316 | 41% | |
Biomass with CCS | 8165 | 408 | 41% | |
Synthetic hydrocarbons | Synthetic fuel | 760 | 30 | 73% |
Synthetic methane | 735 | 30 | 77% |
1 Cost unit is presented in US$/t-NH3.
Solar and wind power potential
Region | Centralized PV | Decentralized PV | Offshore wind, fixed | Offshore wind, floating | Onshore wind |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARG | 50.84 | 0.37 | 4.65 | 45.51 | 30.58 |
AUS | 124.95 | 0.71 | 16.79 | 114.88 | 71.93 |
BRA | 92.87 | 1.76 | 9.57 | 64.96 | 20.55 |
CAN | 47.03 | 0.36 | 9.71 | 154.17 | 58.83 |
CHN | 115.05 | 7.16 | 14.51 | 22.47 | 40.79 |
IDN | 6.27 | 2.21 | 7.67 | 22.87 | 0.59 |
IND | 28.4 | 8.18 | 2.66 | 25.63 | 14.83 |
JPN | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 60.25 | 1.1 |
KOR | 0.47 | 0.35 | 1.29 | 13.59 | 0.58 |
MEX | 28.42 | 0.97 | 4.41 | 27.21 | 6.54 |
MYS | 0.89 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NZL | 2.49 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 64.49 | 1.63 |
RUS | 78.09 | 0.8 | 59.36 | 186.87 | 88.76 |
THA | 3.6 | 0.66 | 0 | 0 | 0.72 |
TUR | 11.97 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 4.76 | 3.28 |
USA | 96.4 | 3.89 | 10.17 | 72.75 | 71.89 |
VNM | 2.46 | 0.83 | 4.42 | 10.66 | 0.56 |
XAF | 326.07 | 6.19 | 3.92 | 134.12 | 94.19 |
XCS | 56.04 | 0.61 | 2.24 | 2.65 | 37.4 |
XE10 | 3.58 | 0.62 | 1.58 | 6.28 | 6.56 |
XE15 | 21.07 | 3.87 | 18.57 | 128.01 | 21.78 |
XE3 | 2.68 | 0.3 | 0.27 | 3.34 | 2 |
XEA | 20.17 | 0.35 | 1.4 | 14.62 | 10.56 |
XEEI | 4.59 | 0.29 | 1.44 | 3.45 | 10.46 |
XENI | 3.86 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 2.26 | 1.11 |
XEWI | 2.2 | 0.14 | 0.7 | 65.79 | 2.34 |
XLM | 64.77 | 1.88 | 15.25 | 294.1 | 12.4 |
XME | 50.69 | 2.89 | 0.66 | 20.59 | 12.33 |
XNF | 51.71 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 39.38 | 22.09 |
XOC | 1.16 | 0.06 | 3.26 | 64.22 | 0.58 |
XSA | 21.92 | 2.4 | 1.13 | 15.21 | 3.23 |
XSE | 8.04 | 1.86 | 0.2 | 17.26 | 1 |
ZAF | 29.2 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 39.03 | 12.18 |
Land category | Solar PV | Wind |
---|---|---|
Water bodies | 0 | 0 |
Evergreen Needleleaf Forests | 0 | 0.02 |
Evergreen Broadleaf Forests | 0 | 0.02 |
Deciduous Needleleaf Forests | 0 | 0.02 |
Deciduous Broadleaf Forests | 0 | 0.02 |
Mixed Forests | 0 | 0.02 |
Closed Shrublands | 0 | 0.02 |
Open Shrublands | 0.02 | 0.2 |
Woody Savannas | 0.02 | 0.2 |
Savannas | 0.02 | 0.2 |
Grasslands | 0.03 | 0.2 |
Permanent Wetlands | 0 | 0 |
Croplands | 0.01 | 0.3 |
Urban and Built-up Lands | 0 | 0 |
Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mo-saics | 0 | 0.2 |
Permanent Snow and Ice | 0 | 0 |
Barren | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Energy demand technologies
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Energy saving (MJ/*) | Unit (*) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | ||||
Coke oven, efficient | 16 | 16 | 16 | 30 | 0 | t-coke |
Coke oven, high efficient | 41 | 41 | 41 | 30 | 1 | t-coke |
COG latent heat recovery | 8 | 8 | 8 | 30 | 0 | t-coke |
CDQ | 78 | 78 | 78 | 30 | 1 | t-coke |
Sintering furnace, efficient | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
Sintering furnace, high-efficient | 40 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 1 | t-steel |
Blast furnace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
Blast furnace w/CCS | 433 | 433 | 433 | 30 | -3 | t-steel |
BFG recovery | 15 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 4 | t-steel |
TRT | 21 | 21 | 21 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
TRT, more efficient | 26 | 26 | 26 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
BOG recovery | 2 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 1 | t-steel |
BOG latent heat recovery | 27 | 27 | 27 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
EAF, scrap pre-heating | 7 | 7 | 7 | 30 | 0 | t-steel |
EAF, efficient | 60 | 60 | 60 | 30 | -0 | t-steel |
Continuous casting, efficient | 24 | 24 | 24 | 30 | 1 | t-steel |
Continuous casting, more efficient | 59 | 59 | 59 | 30 | 1 | t-steel |
Hydrogen DRI | 855 | 855 | 855 | 30 | 11 | t-steel |
Note: Cost unit is US$ * -1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit. Initial costs are represented as additional cost relative to the reference technology, excluding Hydrogen-DRI. For Hydrogen-DRI, energy consumption is shown at the energy saving column. For blast furnace with CCS, energy saving is provided with negative number, as it consumes additional energy for CO2 capture.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Energy saving (MJ/*) | Unit (*) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | ||||
Vertical mill | 5 | 5 | 5 | 30 | 0 | t-cement |
SP/NSP | 2 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 3 | t-cement |
Cement kiln w/CCS | 78 | 78 | 78 | 30 | 1 | t-cement |
Vertical fuel mill | 5 | 5 | 5 | 30 | 0 | t-cement |
Note: Cost unit is US$ * -1. Asterisk refers to the technology specific unit.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Efficiency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | |||
Boiler, fossil, existing | 140 | 140 | 140 | 20 | 0.36 |
Boiler, fossil, Lv1 | 145 | 145 | 145 | 20 | 0.4 |
Boiler, fossil, Lv2 | 155 | 155 | 155 | 20 | 0.41 |
Boiler, fossil, Lv3 | 165 | 165 | 165 | 20 | 0.51 |
Boiler, fossil, Lv4 | 185 | 185 | 185 | 20 | 0.55 |
Boiler, fossil, Lv5 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 20 | 0.62 |
Boiler, biomass | 173 | 173 | 173 | 20 | 0.49 |
Boiler, electric heating | 126 | 126 | 126 | 20 | 0.9 |
Industrial HP Lv1 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 20 | 3 |
Industrial HP Lv2 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 20 | 3.6 |
Boiler, district heating | 173 | 173 | 173 | 20 | 0.8 |
Boiler, hydrogen | 173 | 173 | 173 | 20 | 0.7 |
Boiler, ammonia | 173 | 173 | 173 | 20 | 0.7 |
Furnace, fossil, existing | 204 | 204 | 204 | 30 | 0.7 |
Furnace, fossil, advanced | 213 | 213 | 213 | 30 | 0.8 |
Furnace, fossil, with CCS | 229 | 229 | 229 | 30 | 0.73 |
Furnace, biomass | 163 | 163 | 163 | 30 | 0.8 |
Furnace, electricity | 154 | 154 | 154 | 30 | 0.9 |
Furnace, district heat | 163 | 163 | 163 | 30 | 0.8 |
Furnace, hydrogen | 163 | 163 | 163 | 30 | 0.8 |
Furnace, ammonia | 163 | 163 | 163 | 30 | 0.8 |
Power electronics, electricity, existing | 9 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 0.8 |
Power electronics, electricity, advanced | 14 | 14 | 14 | 20 | 0.84 |
Power electronics, electricity, w/ inverter | 52 | 52 | 52 | 20 | 0.99 |
Power electronics, fossil, existing | 9 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 0.5 |
Power electronics, biomass, existing | 9 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 0.5 |
Power electronics, heat, existing | 9 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 0.5 |
Electrochemical, existing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
Other, fossil, existing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
Other, biomass, existing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
Other, electricity, existing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
Other, heat, existing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Efficiency (MJ km -1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | |||
LDV, conventional | 18 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 3.5 |
LDV, new | 20 | 20 | 20 | 12 | 3.6 |
LDV, high-eff Lv1 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 12 | 3 |
LDV, high-eff Lv2 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 12 | 2.6 |
LDV, high-eff Lv3 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 2.5 |
LDV, HEV | 23 | 23 | 23 | 12 | 2.1 |
LDV, PHEV | 27 | 23 | 23 | 12 | 1.8 |
LDV, BEV | 56 | 27 | 26 | 12 | 1.1 |
LDV, FCEV | 43 | 28 | 25 | 12 | 1.4 |
Bus, conventional | 130 | 130 | 130 | 15 | 10.1 |
Bus, new | 150 | 150 | 150 | 15 | 8.9 |
Bus, high-eff | 150 | 150 | 150 | 15 | 8 |
Bus, HEV | 197 | 180 | 179 | 15 | 7.6 |
Bus, BEV | 630 | 275 | 265 | 15 | 7 |
Bus, FCEV | 272 | 200 | 186 | 15 | 7.2 |
Rail, electricity, conventional | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.3 |
Rail, electricity, new | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.2 |
Rail, electricity, high-eff | 15000 | 15000 | 15000 | 20 | 0.2 |
Rail, other, conventional | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.3 |
Rail, other, new | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.2 |
Rail, other, high-eff | 15000 | 15000 | 15000 | 20 | 0.2 |
Air, conventional | 125000 | 125000 | 125000 | 30 | 2.6 |
Air, new | 150000 | 150000 | 150000 | 30 | 2.5 |
Air, high-eff | 190000 | 200000 | 213333 | 30 | 1.7 |
Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle-1. Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ pkm-1.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Efficiency (MJ km -1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | |||
Small truck, conventional | 34 | 34 | 34 | 15 | 9.6 |
Small truck, new | 37 | 37 | 37 | 15 | 8.5 |
Small truck, high-eff | 37 | 37 | 37 | 15 | 8.2 |
Small truck, HEV | 56 | 49 | 48 | 15 | 6.5 |
Small truck, NGV | 58 | 58 | 58 | 15 | 8.5 |
Small truck, BEV | 175 | 69 | 66 | 15 | 3.7 |
Small truck, FCEV | 135 | 76 | 64 | 15 | 5.7 |
Large truck, conventional | 100 | 100 | 100 | 15 | 14 |
Large truck, new | 110 | 110 | 110 | 15 | 12.3 |
Large truck, high-eff | 127 | 127 | 127 | 15 | 12 |
Large truck, NGV | 187 | 187 | 187 | 15 | 12.3 |
Large truck, HEV | 128 | 114 | 113 | 15 | 9.4 |
Large truck, BEV | 1248 | 360 | 335 | 15 | 9 |
Large truck, FCEV | 404 | 208 | 174 | 15 | 10 |
Rail, electricity, conventional | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.4 |
Rail, electricity, new | 15000 | 15000 | 15000 | 20 | 0.3 |
Rail, other, conventional | 14000 | 14000 | 14000 | 20 | 0.4 |
Ship, existing | 8050 | 8050 | 8050 | 20 | 1 |
Ship, high-eff | 22344 | 22344 | 22344 | 20 | 0.5 |
Note: Cost unit is 1000 US$ vehicle-1 for road and rail, 1000 US$ GJ-1 for ship, respectively. Energy efficiency unit for non-road modes is MJ tkm-1.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Efficiency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | |||
Space heating, coal stove | 260 | 260 | 260 | 15 | 0.75 |
Space heating, oil stove | 203 | 203 | 203 | 15 | 0.75 |
Space heating, gas stove | 182 | 182 | 182 | 15 | 0.9 |
Space heating, district heating | 350 | 350 | 350 | 15 | 0.9 |
Space heating, geothermal | 308 | 308 | 308 | 15 | 1 |
Space heating, air coditioner, conventional | 308 | 273 | 202 | 15 | 3.56 |
Space heating, air coditioner, high-eff | 323 | 286 | 212 | 15 | 4.2 |
Space heating, air coditioner, BAT | 339 | 300 | 222 | 15 | 5.22 |
Space heating, biomass stove | 350 | 350 | 350 | 15 | 0.7 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, conventional | 308 | 273 | 202 | 15 | 3.56 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, high-eff | 323 | 286 | 212 | 15 | 4.2 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, BAT | 339 | 300 | 222 | 15 | 5.22 |
Water heating, coal, conventional | 199 | 199 | 199 | 15 | 0.7 |
Water heating, coal, high-eff | 317 | 317 | 317 | 15 | 0.8 |
Water heating, oil, conventional | 119 | 119 | 119 | 15 | 0.7 |
Water heating, oil, high-eff | 190 | 190 | 190 | 15 | 0.8 |
Water heating, gas, conventional | 119 | 119 | 119 | 15 | 0.8 |
Water heating, gas, high-eff | 190 | 190 | 190 | 15 | 0.9 |
Water heating, electric heating | 79 | 79 | 79 | 15 | 0.9 |
Water heating, heat pump, conventional | 353 | 301 | 214 | 15 | 4 |
Water heating, heat pump, efficient | 392 | 334 | 238 | 15 | 5 |
Water heating, heat pump, high-eff | 431 | 367 | 261 | 15 | 5.5 |
Water heating, solar thermal | 696 | 696 | 696 | 15 | 1 |
Water heating, biomass | 292 | 292 | 292 | 15 | 0.8 |
Water heating, fuel cell | 1908 | 509 | 339 | 15 | 0.77 |
Cooking, coal, conventional | 849 | 849 | 849 | 15 | 0.3 |
Cooking, coal, efficient | 1431 | 1431 | 1431 | 15 | 0.37 |
Cooking, oil, conventional | 564 | 564 | 564 | 15 | 0.4 |
Cooking, oil, efficient | 951 | 951 | 951 | 15 | 0.5 |
Cooking, gas, conventional | 564 | 564 | 564 | 15 | 0.4 |
Cooking, gas, efficient | 951 | 951 | 951 | 15 | 0.5 |
Cooking, electric heating | 611 | 611 | 611 | 15 | 0.72 |
Cooking, IH heater | 696 | 696 | 696 | 15 | 1.19 |
Cooking, biomass, conventional | 849 | 849 | 849 | 15 | 0.2 |
Cooking, biomass, efficient | 1905 | 1905 | 1905 | 15 | 0.4 |
Incandescent lamp | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
Fluorescent lamp | 42 | 42 | 42 | 4 | 4.5 |
LED lamp, conventional | 105 | 105 | 105 | 8 | 6.07 |
LED lamp, efficient | 210 | 210 | 210 | 8 | 10.71 |
LED lamp, more efficient | 263 | 263 | 263 | 8 | 14.29 |
Kerosene lamp | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0.5 |
Other appliances, conventional | 478 | 478 | 478 | 10 | 0.8 |
Other appliances, efficient | 521 | 521 | 521 | 10 | 1 |
Other appliances, high-eff | 573 | 573 | 573 | 10 | 1.1 |
Other appliances, advanced | 611 | 611 | 611 | 10 | 1.2 |
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy. Efficiency for thermal insulation measures relative efficiency improvement where insulation Lv5 equals 1.
Initial cost | Lifetime (year) | Efficiency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | 2050 | |||
Space heating, coal | 240 | 240 | 240 | 15 | 0.75 |
Space heating, oil | 140 | 140 | 140 | 15 | 0.75 |
Space heating, gas | 140 | 140 | 140 | 15 | 0.9 |
Space heating, district heating | 374 | 374 | 374 | 15 | 0.9 |
Space heating, geothermal | 374 | 374 | 374 | 15 | 1 |
Space heating, air coditioner, conventional | 231 | 204 | 151 | 15 | 3.56 |
Space heating, air coditioner, efficient | 243 | 215 | 159 | 15 | 4.2 |
Space heating, air coditioner, high-eff | 254 | 225 | 167 | 15 | 5.22 |
Space heating, biomass | 525 | 525 | 525 | 15 | 0.7 |
Space cooling, gas HP, conventional | 490 | 490 | 490 | 15 | 1.25 |
Space cooling, gas HP, efficient | 490 | 490 | 490 | 15 | 1.35 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, conventional | 308 | 273 | 202 | 15 | 3.56 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, efficient | 323 | 286 | 212 | 15 | 4.2 |
Space cooling, air coditioner, high-eff | 339 | 300 | 222 | 15 | 5.22 |
Water heaging, coal, conventional | 209 | 209 | 209 | 15 | 0.71 |
Water heaging, coal, efficient | 275 | 275 | 275 | 15 | 0.78 |
Water heaging, oil, conventional | 146 | 146 | 146 | 15 | 0.76 |
Water heaging, oil, efficient | 192 | 192 | 192 | 15 | 0.87 |
Water heaging, gas, conventional | 146 | 146 | 146 | 15 | 0.76 |
Water heaging, gas, efficient | 192 | 192 | 192 | 15 | 0.87 |
Water heaging, electric heating | 112 | 112 | 112 | 15 | 0.9 |
Water heaging, heat pump, conventional | 441 | 376 | 267 | 15 | 4 |
Water heaging, heat pump, efficienty | 490 | 418 | 297 | 15 | 5 |
Water heaging, heat pump, high-eff | 539 | 459 | 327 | 15 | 5.5 |
Water heaging, solar thermal water heater | 1403 | 1403 | 1403 | 15 | 1 |
Water heaging, biomass-fired water heater | 385 | 385 | 385 | 15 | 0.7 |
Water heaging, fuel cell water heater | 1931 | 515 | 343 | 15 | 0.77 |
Cooking, coal, conventional | 88 | 88 | 88 | 15 | 0.3 |
Cooking, coal, efficient | 149 | 149 | 149 | 15 | 0.37 |
Cooking, oil, conventional | 59 | 59 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 |
Cooking, oil, efficient | 99 | 99 | 99 | 15 | 0.5 |
Cooking, gas, conventional | 59 | 59 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 |
Cooking, gas, efficient | 99 | 99 | 99 | 15 | 0.5 |
Cooking, electric heating | 58 | 58 | 58 | 15 | 0.7 |
Cooking, IH heater | 61 | 61 | 61 | 15 | 0.8 |
Cooking, biomass | 88 | 88 | 88 | 15 | 0.2 |
Incandescent lamp | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
fluorescent lamp | 42 | 42 | 42 | 4 | 4.5 |
LED lamp, conventional | 105 | 105 | 105 | 8 | 6.07 |
LED lamp, efficient | 210 | 210 | 210 | 8 | 10.71 |
LED lamp, more efficient | 263 | 263 | 263 | 8 | 14.29 |
Kerosene lamp | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0.5 |
Other appliances, old type | 454 | 454 | 454 | 10 | 0.72 |
Other appliances, conventional type | 478 | 478 | 478 | 10 | 0.8 |
Other appliances, efficient type | 521 | 521 | 521 | 10 | 1 |
Other appliances, best available technology | 573 | 573 | 573 | 10 | 1.1 |
Other appliances, advanced technology | 611 | 611 | 611 | 10 | 1.2 |
Note: Cost unit is US$ GJ-1, which is measured as cost per energy service or useful energy. Efficiency for thermal insulation measures relative efficiency improvement where insulation Lv5 equals 1.
Supplementary data on energy service estimation
Industry
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -303.54 | -13.29 (***) |
LGDPP | 228.73 | 27.2 (***) |
AUS | -157.42 | -9.02 (***) |
CAN | -136.86 | -8.05 (***) |
CHN | 641.77 | 27.79 (***) |
IDN | 250.91 | 11.89 (***) |
IND | 454.4 | 16.13 (***) |
JPN | 109.01 | 6.24 (***) |
KOR | 801.22 | 54.88 (***) |
MEX | 117.5 | 7.82 (***) |
MYS | 419.52 | 26.52 (***) |
NZL | -225.83 | -14.18 (***) |
RUS | 129 | 7.89 (***) |
THA | 471.79 | 25.52 (***) |
TUR | 410.6 | 26.92 (***) |
USA | -245.99 | -14.07 (***) |
VNM | 540.48 | 18.62 (***) |
XAF | 369.57 | 13.7 (***) |
XCS | 234.81 | 10.04 (***) |
XE10 | 158.85 | 10.61 (***) |
XE3 | 260.68 | 15.69 (***) |
XEA | 1006.35 | 25.06 (***) |
XEEI | 298.84 | 14.32 (***) |
XENI | 285.96 | 13.07 (***) |
XEWI | -177.73 | -8.83 (***) |
XLM | 131.12 | 7.98 (***) |
XME | 268.67 | 17.6 (***) |
XNF | 432.41 | 21.03 (***) |
XOC | 184.89 | 8.5 (***) |
XSA | 439.23 | 15.15 (***) |
XSE | 255.51 | 11.65 (***) |
ZAF | 84.73 | 5.28 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.949
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.99 | 155.73 (***) |
LVA_INDP | 0.4 | 40.76 (***) |
AUS | 0.56 | 4.23 (***) |
CAN | 0.75 | 4.76 (***) |
IDN | -0.43 | -10.37 (***) |
IND | -0.5 | -18.38 (***) |
MYS | 0.56 | 4.76 (***) |
NZL | 0.88 | 2.96 (**) |
RUS | 0.77 | 15.39 (***) |
USA | 0.53 | 11.91 (***) |
XAF | -1.21 | -39.42 (***) |
XCS | 0.72 | 9.26 (***) |
XE10 | 0.31 | 4.48 (***) |
XEA | 1.78 | 14.83 (***) |
XEEI | 0.83 | 10.49 (***) |
XME | 0.51 | 11.39 (***) |
XOC | 0.68 | 3.47 (***) |
XSA | -0.72 | -17.75 (***) |
XSE | -1.13 | -22.88 (***) |
ZAF | 0.42 | 4.85 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.954
Transport
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -1.07 | -43.22 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.85 | 70.44 (***) |
AUS | 0.92 | 22.29 (***) |
BRA | 0.23 | 6.29 (***) |
CAN | 0.86 | 20.69 (***) |
IDN | 0.4 | 11.36 (***) |
JPN | 0.43 | 10.46 (***) |
KOR | 0.42 | 10.96 (***) |
MYS | 0.56 | 15.11 (***) |
NZL | 0.97 | 24.18 (***) |
RUS | 0.35 | 9.1 (***) |
THA | 0.42 | 11.71 (***) |
TUR | -0.27 | -7.32 (***) |
USA | 1.06 | 24.65 (***) |
VNM | -0.24 | -6.59 (***) |
XE10 | 0.4 | 10.31 (***) |
XE15 | 0.49 | 11.89 (***) |
XE3 | 0.31 | 8.26 (***) |
XEA | 0.41 | 8.98 (***) |
XEEI | 0.5 | 13.7 (***) |
XENI | 0.19 | 5.51 (***) |
XEWI | -0.72 | -16.41 (***) |
XLM | 0.18 | 4.99 (***) |
XNF | -0.19 | -5.36 (***) |
XOC | 0.34 | 9.1 (***) |
ZAF | 0.48 | 13.37 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.976
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -0.32 | -3.67 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.97 | 29.38 (***) |
BRA | 1.69 | 19.56 (***) |
CAN | 2.29 | 24.1 (***) |
CHN | -1.95 | -21.14 (***) |
IDN | -0.43 | -4.81 (***) |
IND | -1.95 | -19.79 (***) |
JPN | -2.04 | -21.75 (***) |
KOR | -1.47 | -16.47 (***) |
MEX | 3.35 | 38.32 (***) |
MYS | 2.24 | 25.66 (***) |
NZL | 1.7 | 18.3 (***) |
RUS | -1.44 | -15.89 (***) |
USA | 3.06 | 31.1 (***) |
XAF | 2.33 | 22.81 (***) |
XE10 | -0.62 | -6.79 (***) |
XE15 | -0.91 | -9.52 (***) |
XE3 | -0.68 | -7.6 (***) |
XEA | 0.69 | 5.17 (***) |
XEEI | -1.47 | -16.35 (***) |
XENI | 1.15 | 12.95 (***) |
XEWI | -0.96 | -9.49 (***) |
XLM | 2.15 | 24.56 (***) |
XME | 0.86 | 9.88 (***) |
XNF | -0.76 | -8.71 (***) |
XSA | -0.87 | -8.85 (***) |
XSE | 0.64 | 7.07 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.953
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.53 | 4.15 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.42 | 8.82 (***) |
AUS | -1.42 | -12.68 (***) |
BRA | 1.87 | 19.5 (***) |
CAN | 0.69 | 6.17 (***) |
CHN | -0.73 | -6.94 (***) |
IDN | 1.7 | 17.05 (***) |
IND | -0.71 | -6.15 (***) |
JPN | -3.05 | -27.74 (***) |
KOR | -0.77 | -7.61 (***) |
MEX | 3.02 | 30.95 (***) |
MYS | 2.08 | 21.29 (***) |
NZL | 0.49 | 4.53 (***) |
RUS | -2.39 | -23.61 (***) |
THA | 0.92 | 9.6 (***) |
TUR | 0.85 | 8.7 (***) |
USA | 1.09 | 9.26 (***) |
VNM | 1.54 | 13.67 (***) |
XAF | 3.27 | 26.71 (***) |
XCS | -0.86 | -8.38 (***) |
XE10 | -1.1 | -10.81 (***) |
XE15 | -1.97 | -17.54 (***) |
XE3 | -0.97 | -9.78 (***) |
XEA | 1.19 | 6.89 (***) |
XEEI | -1.9 | -19.25 (***) |
XEWI | -1.75 | -14.38 (***) |
XLM | 2.22 | 22.72 (***) |
XME | 0.52 | 5.32 (***) |
XNF | -1.18 | -12.04 (***) |
XSA | 0.69 | 5.98 (***) |
XSE | 0.41 | 3.94 (***) |
ZAF | 0.32 | 3.37 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.929
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -1.81 | -30.76 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.55 | 23.16 (***) |
AUS | 0.8 | 7.83 (***) |
BRA | 1.6 | 16.72 (***) |
CAN | 2.69 | 26.2 (***) |
CHN | -0.65 | -6.79 (***) |
IND | -1.9 | -19.42 (***) |
JPN | -1.6 | -15.67 (***) |
KOR | -1.51 | -15.3 (***) |
MEX | 3.51 | 36.19 (***) |
MYS | 2.15 | 22.19 (***) |
NZL | 2.25 | 22.2 (***) |
RUS | -1.12 | -11.16 (***) |
THA | -0.44 | -4.58 (***) |
TUR | -0.58 | -5.93 (***) |
USA | 4.09 | 39.02 (***) |
VNM | 0.72 | 7.42 (***) |
XAF | 0.83 | 8.33 (***) |
XCS | -1.36 | -13.77 (***) |
XE10 | -2.99 | -29.54 (***) |
XE15 | -1.7 | -16.56 (***) |
XE3 | -3.94 | -39.42 (***) |
XEEI | -3.23 | -32.68 (***) |
XLM | 1.5 | 15.76 (***) |
XME | 0.5 | 5.16 (***) |
XNF | -1.97 | -20.73 (***) |
XSA | -1.5 | -15.32 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.952
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -2.95 | -25.92 (***) |
LGDPP | 1.09 | 24.52 (***) |
AUS | 0.56 | 5.09 (***) |
BRA | 1.43 | 15.1 (***) |
CAN | 2.18 | 19.74 (***) |
CHN | -0.5 | -4.91 (***) |
IND | -1.2 | -10.74 (***) |
JPN | -2.06 | -18.98 (***) |
MEX | 2.66 | 27.44 (***) |
MYS | 3.35 | 34.66 (***) |
NZL | 2.82 | 26.48 (***) |
RUS | -2.19 | -21.68 (***) |
THA | 1.71 | 18.04 (***) |
TUR | 0.63 | 6.54 (***) |
USA | 2.2 | 18.96 (***) |
VNM | 1.37 | 12.62 (***) |
XAF | 3.86 | 32.95 (***) |
XE10 | -1.19 | -11.72 (***) |
XE15 | -0.66 | -5.92 (***) |
XE3 | -1.43 | -14.4 (***) |
XEA | 2.4 | 14.69 (***) |
XEEI | -2.99 | -30.48 (***) |
XENI | 1.61 | 16.56 (***) |
XEWI | -0.81 | -6.75 (***) |
XLM | 2.7 | 28.16 (***) |
XME | 1.87 | 19.45 (***) |
XSA | 1.28 | 11.49 (***) |
XSE | 3.41 | 33.86 (***) |
ZAF | 0.73 | 7.68 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.947
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -0.84 | -13.42 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.65 | 31.09 (***) |
AUS | 0.84 | 18.32 (***) |
BRA | 0.33 | 7.51 (***) |
CAN | 1.48 | 32.4 (***) |
CHN | 0.23 | 4.38 (***) |
IDN | -0.41 | -8.47 (***) |
IND | -0.34 | -6 (***) |
JPN | -0.73 | -16.15 (***) |
MYS | 0.39 | 9.02 (***) |
NZL | 0.35 | 7.85 (***) |
RUS | 1.12 | 25.28 (***) |
THA | 0.25 | 5.57 (***) |
TUR | -0.3 | -6.94 (***) |
USA | 0.94 | 19.79 (***) |
VNM | -0.35 | -6.35 (***) |
XAF | -0.88 | -14.54 (***) |
XCS | 0.47 | 9.45 (***) |
XE10 | 0.26 | 5.79 (***) |
XEA | 0.33 | 3.93 (***) |
XEEI | 0.95 | 20.52 (***) |
XENI | -0.56 | -11.83 (***) |
XEWI | -0.99 | -20.19 (***) |
XME | 0.22 | 5.13 (***) |
XNF | -0.45 | -9.8 (***) |
XOC | -0.34 | -6.06 (***) |
XSA | -0.98 | -17.06 (***) |
XSE | -0.94 | -18.69 (***) |
ZAF | 0.75 | 16.94 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.965
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.01 | 10.07 (***) |
LGDPP | 0.48 | 14.79 (***) |
AUS | -2.56 | -42.4 (***) |
BRA | -1.05 | -18.12 (***) |
CAN | -2.91 | -48.23 (***) |
CHN | -1.96 | -26.68 (***) |
IDN | 1.76 | 26.47 (***) |
IND | -1.41 | -16.88 (***) |
JPN | -0.32 | -5.43 (***) |
MEX | -0.89 | -15.73 (***) |
MYS | 2.27 | 40.13 (***) |
NZL | -1.07 | -18.17 (***) |
RUS | -4.23 | -72.9 (***) |
THA | 1.61 | 27.17 (***) |
USA | -3.11 | -48.87 (***) |
VNM | 1.57 | 19.49 (***) |
XAF | 1.03 | 11.59 (***) |
XCS | -3.37 | -49.38 (***) |
XE10 | -2.21 | -38.06 (***) |
XE15 | -1.07 | -17.63 (***) |
XE3 | -2.27 | -38.79 (***) |
XEA | -1.9 | -14.77 (***) |
XEEI | -3.75 | -60.56 (***) |
XENI | -1.7 | -25.81 (***) |
XEWI | -0.8 | -12.14 (***) |
XLM | 1.06 | 16.79 (***) |
XME | 0.9 | 15.83 (***) |
XNF | 0.33 | 5.17 (***) |
XSA | 1.18 | 14.12 (***) |
XSE | 0.89 | 12.53 (***) |
ZAF | -1.84 | -31.01 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.979
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -3.14 | -6.49 (***) |
LGDP | 0.56 | 14.96 (***) |
AUS | 1.82 | 21.19 (***) |
BRA | 2.08 | 20.21 (***) |
CAN | 2.75 | 29.99 (***) |
CHN | 3.53 | 27.69 (***) |
IDN | 2.65 | 28.04 (***) |
IND | 1.19 | 10.73 (***) |
JPN | 2.92 | 24.26 (***) |
KOR | 3.47 | 38.4 (***) |
MEX | 1.75 | 17.92 (***) |
NZL | 1.21 | 12.81 (***) |
RUS | 1.97 | 18.03 (***) |
THA | 0.41 | 4.82 (***) |
TUR | 1.2 | 13.26 (***) |
USA | 2.28 | 14.85 (***) |
XAF | 0.74 | 7.71 (***) |
XCS | -2.55 | -29.69 (***) |
XE10 | -1.37 | -14.08 (***) |
XE15 | 2.6 | 16.67 (***) |
XE3 | 0.7 | 8.19 (***) |
XEEI | 0.48 | 5.55 (***) |
XEWI | 2.27 | 26.67 (***) |
XLM | 2.12 | 21.74 (***) |
XNF | 2.14 | 23.58 (***) |
XOC | 1.86 | 14.4 (***) |
XSA | 0.88 | 9.93 (***) |
XSE | 2.32 | 27.02 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.961
Variable | Coefficient | t-value |
---|---|---|
Intercept | -1.35 | -5.29 (***) |
LGDP | 0.58 | 30.71 (***) |
BRA | 0.57 | 7.38 (***) |
CHN | 1.36 | 16.12 (***) |
IDN | -1.5 | -20.02 (***) |
IND | -1.16 | -14.6 (***) |
JPN | 0.93 | 11.34 (***) |
KOR | 2.03 | 27.38 (***) |
MEX | -0.42 | -5.5 (***) |
MYS | -1.29 | -17.38 (***) |
NZL | 0.18 | 2.28 (*) |
THA | 0.39 | 5.31 (***) |
TUR | -0.84 | -11.28 (***) |
USA | 1.85 | 19.68 (***) |
XE15 | 2.34 | 24.6 (***) |
XE3 | -1.18 | -15.46 (***) |
XENI | 1.55 | 20.6 (***) |
XLM | 1.35 | 17.74 (***) |
XME | 2.39 | 30.26 (***) |
XNF | 0.91 | 12.2 (***) |
XSA | -0.92 | -12.51 (***) |
XSE | 3.36 | 45.66 (***) |
ZAF | 1.57 | 21.29 (***) |
Adjusted \(R^2\) = 0.955
Buildings
Service | Variable | Coefficient | t-value | Adjusted \(R^2\) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Space heating | Intercept | 1.29 | 3.32 (***) | 0.866 |
LGDPP | 0.31 | 3.13 (**) | ||
LHDD | 1.1 | 18.68 (***) | ||
CAN | -0.71 | -5.03 (***) | ||
JPN | -1.55 | -15.56 (***) | ||
KOR | -1.27 | -9.53 (***) | ||
NZL | -1.44 | -7.62 (***) | ||
TUR | -1.26 | -8.53 (***) | ||
USA | -0.72 | -7.09 (***) | ||
XE10 | -0.78 | -5.07 (***) | ||
XE15 | -0.65 | -6.15 (***) | ||
XEEI | -0.89 | -3.68 (***) | ||
XEWI | -0.75 | -4.53 (***) | ||
Space cooling | Intercept | -3.62 | -4.45 (***) | 0.989 |
LGDPP | 0.89 | 4.13 (***) | ||
LCDD | 0.59 | 9.15 (***) | ||
CAN | 0.81 | 9.27 (***) | ||
KOR | -0.77 | -8.14 (***) | ||
NZL | -3.04 | -26.85 (***) | ||
USA | 1.23 | 15.57 (***) | ||
Water heating | Intercept | -1.28 | -5.4 (***) | 0.884 |
LGDPP | 0.68 | 10.31 (***) | ||
HDD | 0.2 | 16.45 (***) | ||
KOR | -0.23 | -5.11 (***) | ||
TUR | -0.91 | -16.2 (***) | ||
USA | -0.12 | -3.89 (***) | ||
XE10 | -0.22 | -3.9 (***) | ||
XE15 | -0.56 | -24.31 (***) | ||
XEWI | -0.78 | -8.08 (***) | ||
Other Appliances | Intercept | -0.99 | -3.85 (***) | 0.97 |
LGDPP | 0.72 | 10.64 (***) | ||
BRA | -0.67 | -8.1 (***) | ||
KOR | -0.42 | -8.23 (***) | ||
TUR | -0.83 | -12.67 (***) | ||
USA | 0.44 | 12.33 (***) | ||
XE10 | -0.58 | -8.11 (***) | ||
XE15 | -0.44 | -13.67 (***) | ||
XEWI | -0.5 | -5.48 (***) | ||
XNF | -0.54 | -3.81 (***) | ||
Cooking | Intercept | -0.43 | -7.22 (***) | 0.914 |
LPOP | 1.13 | 64.03 (***) | ||
BRA | 0.82 | 6.57 (***) | ||
CAN | 0.45 | 4.36 (***) | ||
XE10 | 0.59 | 9.49 (***) | ||
XEEI | 0.77 | 5.69 (***) | ||
XNF | 1.07 | 8.93 (***) |
Service | Variable | Coefficient | t-value | Adjusted \(R^2\) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Space heating | Intercept | -2.82 | -7.76 (***) | 0.861 |
LGDPP | 1.16 | 10.59 (***) | ||
LHDD | 0.76 | 16.52 (***) | ||
JPN | -0.85 | -12.41 (***) | ||
NZL | -0.36 | -5.14 (***) | ||
USA | -0.64 | -6.21 (***) | ||
XE15 | -0.55 | -11.55 (***) | ||
XEWI | -0.59 | -6.92 (***) | ||
Space cooling | Intercept | -1.34 | -2.97 (**) | 0.95 |
LGDPP | 0.52 | 4.49 (***) | ||
LCDD | 0.13 | 3.49 (***) | ||
KOR | 0.71 | 10.23 (***) | ||
NZL | -0.81 | -14.37 (***) | ||
Other services | Intercept | -1.75 | -14.09 (***) | 0.835 |
LGDPP | 1.06 | 28.51 (***) | ||
USA | 0.42 | 4.66 (***) | ||
XE15 | -0.46 | -11.65 (***) | ||
XEWI | -0.81 | -11.78 (***) |